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It might be time to bribe leaders, à la Gaddafi, to do good for African growth, By Charles Onyango-Obbo

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On October 5, 2022, pan-African drums of optimism were beating so loud in Kenya that you could hear them as far away as Timbuktu, Alexandria and Cape Town.

On that day, Kenya’s exportation of tea — and locally made batteries — to Ghana started under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) arraignment. In keeping with the time-honoured African tradition of marking such big events, newly elected President William Ruto was at hand to flag off the consignment.

Kenya was one of the eight countries selected to participate in the pilot phase of the AfCFTA trade initiative, along with Egypt, Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, Tunisia, Cameroon and Mauritius.

Adopted in March 2018, AfCFTA created the largest free trade area in the world measured by the number of countries participating. It aims to facilitate trade by cutting red tape and simplifying customs procedures, which would drive $292 billion of the $450 billion in potential income gains from the agreement.

Too often in Africa, after cutting the tape or flagging off things, we move on to other rituals and rarely check on the results. However, the Business Daily, a sister publication of The EastAfrican, won’t let us forget. This week, it returned to Kenya’s October AfCFTA tea shipment to Ghana and came up with an embarrassing find.

It reported that “…the first consignment of Kenya’s value-added tea to Ghana, which left the country last October, reached Port of Tema in February this year, underlining the infrastructural, security and tariff hurdles hampering intra-African trade,” adding that “Africa’s under-developed transport networks have been blamed for raising the cost of goods and services by as much as 40 percent, rendering intra-African trade uncompetitive compared with trade with developed continents such as Europe.”

The consignment took all of five months, over a distance that would take no more than six hours by direct flight. Setting off simultaneously with the tea, an accomplished cyclist would have ridden a bicycle from Nairobi to Accra and back before the consigned arrived in Tema.

Despite the AfCFTA, the old woes of the movement of goods in Africa persist. On average, goods spend about 20 days in most African ports, compared with three to four days in most other international ports.

Getting the goods out of the port is sometimes the easiest part, as it can take up to 75 days to reach, especially in landlocked African countries. There will be dozens of roadblocks to navigate and police to bribe at several weighbridges where trucks spend days.

Then many days of waiting to cross Customs at borders. At the Beitbridge border crossing between South Africa and Zimbabwe, trucks carrying goods from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and Malawi queue for so long drivers are alleged to have died in their vehicles while waiting.

The situation can be terrible even within common markets like the East African Community. There probably has been improvement, but in 2013, for example, a report by Trademark East Africa (now TradeMark Africa) noted that it could take up to 71 days to import goods to Burundi from any of the other EAC countries!

These setbacks throw up, in urgent new ways, the question of what could be done to speed up intra-African trade.

We are seeing starkly the limits of what institutions like the AU can do. It might be time to go back to the old ways. Africa needs to have a few countries and leaders — or even just one highly regarded one — who go around the continent’s capitals pressuring presidents to make reforms and take actions to open the borders to trade and invest in infrastructure.

About 18 years ago, the continent had “big boys” in South Africa, Nigeria, Libya, Uganda, Kenya, Senegal, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Morocco, to name a few, who could be taken seriously outside their countries. Then it all went to hell in a handbasket.

Jacob Zuma happened in South Africa. The Boko Haram militants sucked the political life of the Nigerian presidency. Political fires consumed Muammar Gaddafi in Libya, and the country fell down the chute. Conflict roiled Ivory Coast, and small-mindedness started afflicting the men of power in Senegal. More recently, the great promise of Ethiopia was struck a huge blow by the war in Tigray. In Uganda, after nearly 40 years in office, President Yoweri Museveni is getting too long in the tooth.

Nature abhors a vacuum, so new formations, especially the rise of the “small nations,” offer new possibilities for leadership. In Southern Africa, it might be Botswana’s time to be more assertive. In the broader Central Africa, Rwanda has the potential to move things, though it would have to go around DRC.

East Africa, in general, is not too badly off. Tanzania and Kenya enjoy some regard on the continent.

Nigeria is seeing a revival driven by its captains of industry and remarkably innovative cultural producers.
Northern Africa has what could be the continent’s leading economic influencer, Morocco. If it can get to a pragmatic position on the divisive issue of Western Sahara’s independence, it can do a lot to galvanise the continent around the AfCFTA agenda.

There are also lessons to learn from Gaddafi. One reason he was able to have influence wasn’t always because of the wisdom of his ideas. Gaddafi simply bribed some presidents and African officials.

A version of that might help. Giving a leader $50 million for “his pet project” in exchange for him dismantling trade barriers could work the magic intra-Africa needs.

Charles Onyango-Obbo is a journalist, writer, and curator of the “Wall of Great Africans”. Twitter@cobbo3

Strictly Personal

If I were put in charge of a $15m African kitty, I’d first deworm children, By Charles Onyango-Obbo

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One of my favourite stories on pan-African action (or in this case inaction), one I will never tire of repeating, comes from 2002, when the discredited Organisation of African Unity, was rebranded into an ambitious, new African Union (AU).

There were many big hitters in African statehouses then. Talking of those who have had the grace to step down or leave honourably after electoral or political defeat, or have departed, in Nigeria we had Olusegun Obasanjo, a force of nature. Cerebral and studious Thabo Mbeki was chief in South Africa. In Ethiopia, the brass-knuckled and searingly intellectual Meles Zenawi ruled the roost.

In Tanzania, there was the personable and thoughtful Ben Mkapa. In Botswana, there was Festus Mogae, a leader who had a way of bringing out the best in people. In Senegal, we had Abdoulaye Wade, fresh in office, and years before he went rogue.

And those are just a few.

This club of men (there were no women at the high table) brought forth the AU. At that time, there was a lot of frustration about the portrayal of Africa in international media, we decided we must “tell our own story” to the world. The AU, therefore, decided to boost the struggling Pan-African New Agency (Pana) network.

The members were asked to write cheques or pledges for it. There were millions of dollars offered by the South Africans and Nigerians of our continent. Then, as at every party, a disruptive guest made a play. Rwanda, then still roiled by the genocide against the Tutsi of 1994, offered the least money; a few tens of thousand dollars.

There were embarrassed looks all around. Some probably thought it should just have kept is mouth shut, and not made a fool of itself with its ka-money. Kigali sat unflustered. Maybe it knew something the rest didn’t.

The meeting ended, and everyone went their merry way. Pana sat and waited for the cheques to come. The big talkers didn’t walk the talk. Hardly any came, and in the sums that were pledged. Except one. The cheque from Rwanda came in the exact amount it was promised. The smallest pledge became Pana’s biggest payday.

The joke is that it was used to pay terminal benefits for Pana staff. They would have gone home empty-pocketed.

We revive this peculiarly African moment (many a deep-pocketed African will happily contribute $300 to your wedding but not 50 cents to build a school or set up a scholarship fund), to campaign for the creation of small and beautiful African things.

It was brought on by the announcement by South Korea that it had joined the African Summit bandwagon, and is shortly hosting a South Korea-Africa Summit — like the US, China, the UK, the European Union, Japan, India, Russia, Italy, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey do.

Apart from the AU, whose summits are in danger of turning into dubious talk shops, outside of limited regional bloc events, there is no Pan-African platform that brings the continent’s leaders together.

The AU summits are not a solutions enterprise, partly because over 60 percent of its budget is funded by non-African development partners. You can’t seriously say you are going to set up a $500 million African climate crisis fund in the hope that some Europeans will put up the money.

It’s possible to reprise the Rwanda-Pana pledge episode; a convention of African leaders and important institutions on the continent for a “Small Initiatives, Big Impact Compact”. It would be a barebones summit. In the first one, leaders would come to kickstart it by investing seed money.

The rule would be that no country would be allowed to put up more than $100,000 — far, far less than it costs some presidents and their delegations to attend one day of an AU summit.

There would also be no pledges. Everyone would come with a certified cheque that cannot bounce, or hard cash in a bag. After all, some of our leaders are no strangers to travelling around with sacks from which they hand out cash like they were sweets.

If 54 states (we will exempt the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic for special circumstances) contribute $75,000 each, that is a good $4.05 million.

If just 200 of the bigger pan-African institutions such as the African Development Bank, Afrexim Bank, the giant companies such as MTN, Safaricom, East African Breweries, Nedbank, De Beers, Dangote, Orascom in Egypt, Attijariwafa Bank in Morocco, to name a few, each ponied up $75,000 each, that’s a cool $15 million just for the first year alone.

There will be a lot of imagination necessary to create magic out of it all, no doubt, but if I were asked to manage the project, I would immediately offer one small, beautiful thing to do.

After putting aside money for reasonable expenses to be paid at the end (a man has to eat) — which would be posted on a public website like all other expenditures — I would set out on a programme to get the most needy African children a dose of deworming tablets. Would do it all over for a couple of years.

Impact? Big. I read that people who received two to three additional years of childhood deworming experience an increase of 14 percent in consumption expenditure, 13 percent in hourly earnings, and nine percent in non-agricultural work hours.

At the next convention, I would report back, and possibly dazzle with the names, and photographs, of all the children who got the treatment. Other than the shopping opportunity, the US-Africa Summit would have nothing on that.

Charles Onyango-Obbo is a journalist, writer, and curator of the “Wall of Great Africans”. X@cobbo3

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Strictly Personal

AU shouldn’t look on as outsiders treat Africa like a widow’s house, By Joachim Buwembo

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There is no shortage of news from the UK, a major former colonial master in Africa, over whose former empire the sun reputedly never set. We hope and pray that besides watching the Premier League, the managers of our economies are also monitoring the re-nationalisation of British Railways (BR).

 

Three decades after BR was privatised in the early to mid-nineties — around the season when Africa was hit by the privatisation fashion — there is emerging consensus by both conservative and liberal parties that it is time the major public transport system reverts to state management.

 

Yes, there are major services that should be rendered by the state, and the public must not be abandoned to the vagaries of purely profit-motivated capitalism. It is not enough to only argue that government is not good at doing business, because some business is government business.

 

Since we copied many of our systems from the British — including wigs for judges — we may as well copy the humility to accept if certain fashions don’t work.

 

Another piece of news from the UK, besides football, was of this conservative MP Tim Loughton, who caused a stir by getting summarily deported from Djibouti and claiming the small African country was just doing China’s bidding because he recently rubbed Beijing the wrong way.

 

China has dismissed the accusation as baseless, and Africa still respects China for not meddling in its politics, even as it negotiates economic partnerships. China generously co-funded the construction of Djibouti’s super modern multipurpose port.

 

What can African leaders learn from the Loughton Djibouti kerfuffle? The race to think for and manage Africa by outsiders is still on and attracting new players.

 

While China has described the Loughton accusation as lies, it shows that the accusing (and presumably informed) Britons suspect other powerful countries to be on a quest to influence African thinking and actions.

 

And while the new bidders for Africa’s resources are on the increase including Russia, the US, Middle Eastern newly rich states, and India, even declining powers like France, which is losing ground in West Africa, could be looking for weaker states to gain a new foothold.

 

My Ugandan people describe such a situation as treating a community like “like a widow’s house,” because the poor, defenceless woman is susceptible to having her door kicked open by any local bully. Yes, these small and weak countries are not insignificant and offer fertile ground for the indirect re-colonisation of the continent.

 

Djibouti, for example, may be small —at only 23,000square kilometres, with a population of one million doing hardly any farming, thus relying on imports for most of its food — but it is so strategically located that the African Union should look at it as precious territory that must be protected from external political influences.

 

It commands the southern entrance into the Red Sea, thus linking Africa to the Middle East. So if several foreign powers have military bases in Djibouti, why shouldn’t the AU, with its growing “peace kitty,” now be worth some hundreds of millions of dollars?

 

At a bilateral level, Ethiopia and Djibouti are doing impressively well in developing infrastructure such as the railway link, a whole 750 kilometres of it electrified. The AU should be looking at more such projects linking up the whole continent to increase internal trade with the continental market, the fastest growing in the world.

 

And, while at it, the AU should be resolutely pushing out fossil-fuel-based transportation the way Ethiopia is doing, without even making much noise about it. Ethiopia can be quite resolute in conceiving and implementing projects, and surely the AU, being headquartered in Addis Ababa, should be taking a leaf rather than looking on as external interests treat the continent like a Ugandan widow’s house.

 

Buwembo is a Kampala-based journalist. E-mail:buwembo@gmail.com

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