Connect with us

Strictly Personal

Dar’s Amin ouster: How Nyerere won the shooting war but lost the ideological battle, By Charles Onyango-Obbo

Published

on

April 11 will be the 44th anniversary of the ouster of Ugandan dictator Field Marshal Idi Amin by a combined force of the Tanzania army and Ugandan rebel groups.

Decades later, that event continued to define East Africa in significant ways. In fact, together with the Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, which also started in the same month, April 7, 1994, they top the list of history-remaking events of the region.

However, in the case of the Amin ouster, many don’t always see its link to present realities.

Feud with Nyerere

Amin, who had a long-running feud with President Julius Nyerere, ordered his troops to attack Tanzania in early October 1978. The Ugandan army took and occupied Tanzania’s Kagera Salient. In a post-independence Africa, where the sanctity of colonial borders was supreme, it was a shocker, even for someone like Amin, who often came across as unhinged.

Tanzania was caught flat-footed and took a while to put together the counter-attack, which it did as the year ended. As it pushed Amin’s forces and entered Uganda, it scrambled to cobble together a front of the anti-Amin dissident groups scattered around the world so that its campaign would have “local content” and political legitimacy with the people who might have seen the Tanzania People’s Defence Forces (TPDF) as a pure foreign invasion force.

By April 11, 1979, Kampala had fallen, and the march continued eastwards and northwards, reaching the border with Sudan. One of the most covered-up massacres in East Africa happened during the war; Ugandan Nubians were slaughtered, their towns or neighbourhoods razed, and many fled to Sudan, but mainly to Kenya.

Dealt a blow

The idea that an African country couldn’t militarily invade another (as Amin’s Uganda did Tanzania) or couldn’t strike back in retaliation and install a rebel government (as Nyerere’s Tanzania did to Amin’s Uganda) was dealt a blow.

When Rwanda avenged attacks by former genocidal forces on its territory from the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, with others supporting anti-Mobutu Sese Seko rebels to seize power in 1997, we had seen it all before.

When Uganda sent its army into southern Sudan to support the Sudan People’s Liberation Army in its war against a repressive Khartoum – one of a series of actions that eventually led to South Sudan’s independence – it was all too familiar.

Changed beyond recognition

The Uganda from which Tanzania helped depose Amin 44 years ago has changed beyond recognition. It has a population almost four times larger, and its economy is nearly 20 times bigger.

But there is one thing that will look very familiar from that period – the security services still rule the roost, and their violent episodal crackdowns on real and imaginary regime opponents are straight out of the Amin playbook.

One outcome of Tanzania’s Uganda campaign that is the least studied (and is embarrassing) has been the most enduring. The TPDF came to Uganda at a time of austere socialism/Ujamaa back home. Luxury and ostentation were frowned upon. Though Uganda’s economy was in dire straits, Amin’s lieutenants lived like kings.

Two of the most popular cars with Amin’s top men were the sporty Honda Accord and Nissan’s rally sensation Datsun 280Z. The victorious TPDF seized many of them from Amin’s henchmen as war booty. They also “charged” top-end televisions and stereos that weren’t commonplace in Tanzania.

Flashy cars and electronics

As the soldiers returned home, these flashy cars and electronics began to pop up all over Tanzanian towns. There were several reports in the foreign press about how a frugal Nyerere had lost the balance of power to his victorious army, who were celebrated as heroes at home and was powerless to stop them from bringing home and flaunting their shiny trophies of war.

Tanzanian tastes for the good things in life, forbidden under Ujamaa, were aroused. They could not unsee the glitzy war booty from Uganda. They became corrupted by the desire for capitalist things.

Meanwhile, the cost of the war took a toll on the Tanzanian economy, which in turn discredited Nyerere’s socialist model further. There is a view among Tanzanian and Ugandan scholars and political analysts that the inevitability of Nyerere’s retirement as president formed in the immediate aftermath of the Uganda war – as did the ruling Chama cha Mapinduzi’s eventual adoption of a limited free market (at the start) economy. That the forsaking of socialism came from the spectacle of the hedonistic consumption of the Amin elite that a conquering Tanzania encountered and took home with it.

Crisis for nationalists

Inside Uganda, there was a crisis for nationalists that had presented itself first dramatically in July 1976 by the audacious Israeli raid on Entebbe Airport to rescue hostages. As proud nationalists, they were against foreign involvement in national affairs. But they also hated Amin passionately, and they wanted him gone. Should they reject Tanzania’s role in getting rid of him because it was a foreign force? They went through many contortions to justify it, although a small hardline nationalist tendency firmly rejected Tanzania’s involvement.

Tanzania, then, won the shooting war in 1979 and pulled off Africa’s first successful regime change by another African country. However, it might have ultimately lost the ideological war.

The Tanzanians living the joys of capitalism of today have Amin partly to thank for it. I wonder if Nyerere would have prosecuted the war all the way to Kampala if he had known that that was how victory would look in the end.

Charles Onyango-Obbo is a journalist, writer, and curator of the “Wall of Great Africans”. Twitter@cobbo3

Strictly Personal

If I were put in charge of a $15m African kitty, I’d first deworm children, By Charles Onyango-Obbo

Published

on

One of my favourite stories on pan-African action (or in this case inaction), one I will never tire of repeating, comes from 2002, when the discredited Organisation of African Unity, was rebranded into an ambitious, new African Union (AU).

There were many big hitters in African statehouses then. Talking of those who have had the grace to step down or leave honourably after electoral or political defeat, or have departed, in Nigeria we had Olusegun Obasanjo, a force of nature. Cerebral and studious Thabo Mbeki was chief in South Africa. In Ethiopia, the brass-knuckled and searingly intellectual Meles Zenawi ruled the roost.

In Tanzania, there was the personable and thoughtful Ben Mkapa. In Botswana, there was Festus Mogae, a leader who had a way of bringing out the best in people. In Senegal, we had Abdoulaye Wade, fresh in office, and years before he went rogue.

And those are just a few.

This club of men (there were no women at the high table) brought forth the AU. At that time, there was a lot of frustration about the portrayal of Africa in international media, we decided we must “tell our own story” to the world. The AU, therefore, decided to boost the struggling Pan-African New Agency (Pana) network.

The members were asked to write cheques or pledges for it. There were millions of dollars offered by the South Africans and Nigerians of our continent. Then, as at every party, a disruptive guest made a play. Rwanda, then still roiled by the genocide against the Tutsi of 1994, offered the least money; a few tens of thousand dollars.

There were embarrassed looks all around. Some probably thought it should just have kept is mouth shut, and not made a fool of itself with its ka-money. Kigali sat unflustered. Maybe it knew something the rest didn’t.

The meeting ended, and everyone went their merry way. Pana sat and waited for the cheques to come. The big talkers didn’t walk the talk. Hardly any came, and in the sums that were pledged. Except one. The cheque from Rwanda came in the exact amount it was promised. The smallest pledge became Pana’s biggest payday.

The joke is that it was used to pay terminal benefits for Pana staff. They would have gone home empty-pocketed.

We revive this peculiarly African moment (many a deep-pocketed African will happily contribute $300 to your wedding but not 50 cents to build a school or set up a scholarship fund), to campaign for the creation of small and beautiful African things.

It was brought on by the announcement by South Korea that it had joined the African Summit bandwagon, and is shortly hosting a South Korea-Africa Summit — like the US, China, the UK, the European Union, Japan, India, Russia, Italy, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey do.

Apart from the AU, whose summits are in danger of turning into dubious talk shops, outside of limited regional bloc events, there is no Pan-African platform that brings the continent’s leaders together.

The AU summits are not a solutions enterprise, partly because over 60 percent of its budget is funded by non-African development partners. You can’t seriously say you are going to set up a $500 million African climate crisis fund in the hope that some Europeans will put up the money.

It’s possible to reprise the Rwanda-Pana pledge episode; a convention of African leaders and important institutions on the continent for a “Small Initiatives, Big Impact Compact”. It would be a barebones summit. In the first one, leaders would come to kickstart it by investing seed money.

The rule would be that no country would be allowed to put up more than $100,000 — far, far less than it costs some presidents and their delegations to attend one day of an AU summit.

There would also be no pledges. Everyone would come with a certified cheque that cannot bounce, or hard cash in a bag. After all, some of our leaders are no strangers to travelling around with sacks from which they hand out cash like they were sweets.

If 54 states (we will exempt the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic for special circumstances) contribute $75,000 each, that is a good $4.05 million.

If just 200 of the bigger pan-African institutions such as the African Development Bank, Afrexim Bank, the giant companies such as MTN, Safaricom, East African Breweries, Nedbank, De Beers, Dangote, Orascom in Egypt, Attijariwafa Bank in Morocco, to name a few, each ponied up $75,000 each, that’s a cool $15 million just for the first year alone.

There will be a lot of imagination necessary to create magic out of it all, no doubt, but if I were asked to manage the project, I would immediately offer one small, beautiful thing to do.

After putting aside money for reasonable expenses to be paid at the end (a man has to eat) — which would be posted on a public website like all other expenditures — I would set out on a programme to get the most needy African children a dose of deworming tablets. Would do it all over for a couple of years.

Impact? Big. I read that people who received two to three additional years of childhood deworming experience an increase of 14 percent in consumption expenditure, 13 percent in hourly earnings, and nine percent in non-agricultural work hours.

At the next convention, I would report back, and possibly dazzle with the names, and photographs, of all the children who got the treatment. Other than the shopping opportunity, the US-Africa Summit would have nothing on that.

Charles Onyango-Obbo is a journalist, writer, and curator of the “Wall of Great Africans”. X@cobbo3

Continue Reading

Strictly Personal

AU shouldn’t look on as outsiders treat Africa like a widow’s house, By Joachim Buwembo

Published

on

There is no shortage of news from the UK, a major former colonial master in Africa, over whose former empire the sun reputedly never set. We hope and pray that besides watching the Premier League, the managers of our economies are also monitoring the re-nationalisation of British Railways (BR).

 

Three decades after BR was privatised in the early to mid-nineties — around the season when Africa was hit by the privatisation fashion — there is emerging consensus by both conservative and liberal parties that it is time the major public transport system reverts to state management.

 

Yes, there are major services that should be rendered by the state, and the public must not be abandoned to the vagaries of purely profit-motivated capitalism. It is not enough to only argue that government is not good at doing business, because some business is government business.

 

Since we copied many of our systems from the British — including wigs for judges — we may as well copy the humility to accept if certain fashions don’t work.

 

Another piece of news from the UK, besides football, was of this conservative MP Tim Loughton, who caused a stir by getting summarily deported from Djibouti and claiming the small African country was just doing China’s bidding because he recently rubbed Beijing the wrong way.

 

China has dismissed the accusation as baseless, and Africa still respects China for not meddling in its politics, even as it negotiates economic partnerships. China generously co-funded the construction of Djibouti’s super modern multipurpose port.

 

What can African leaders learn from the Loughton Djibouti kerfuffle? The race to think for and manage Africa by outsiders is still on and attracting new players.

 

While China has described the Loughton accusation as lies, it shows that the accusing (and presumably informed) Britons suspect other powerful countries to be on a quest to influence African thinking and actions.

 

And while the new bidders for Africa’s resources are on the increase including Russia, the US, Middle Eastern newly rich states, and India, even declining powers like France, which is losing ground in West Africa, could be looking for weaker states to gain a new foothold.

 

My Ugandan people describe such a situation as treating a community like “like a widow’s house,” because the poor, defenceless woman is susceptible to having her door kicked open by any local bully. Yes, these small and weak countries are not insignificant and offer fertile ground for the indirect re-colonisation of the continent.

 

Djibouti, for example, may be small —at only 23,000square kilometres, with a population of one million doing hardly any farming, thus relying on imports for most of its food — but it is so strategically located that the African Union should look at it as precious territory that must be protected from external political influences.

 

It commands the southern entrance into the Red Sea, thus linking Africa to the Middle East. So if several foreign powers have military bases in Djibouti, why shouldn’t the AU, with its growing “peace kitty,” now be worth some hundreds of millions of dollars?

 

At a bilateral level, Ethiopia and Djibouti are doing impressively well in developing infrastructure such as the railway link, a whole 750 kilometres of it electrified. The AU should be looking at more such projects linking up the whole continent to increase internal trade with the continental market, the fastest growing in the world.

 

And, while at it, the AU should be resolutely pushing out fossil-fuel-based transportation the way Ethiopia is doing, without even making much noise about it. Ethiopia can be quite resolute in conceiving and implementing projects, and surely the AU, being headquartered in Addis Ababa, should be taking a leaf rather than looking on as external interests treat the continent like a Ugandan widow’s house.

 

Buwembo is a Kampala-based journalist. E-mail:buwembo@gmail.com

Continue Reading

EDITOR’S PICK

Metro5 hours ago

Tinubu’s ‘Renewed Hope Agenda’ repositioning Nigeria as global investment hub— VP Shettima

Vice President Kashim Shettima believes the “Renewed Hope Agenda” of the President Bola Tinubu administration is gradually transformating Nigeria into...

Tech17 hours ago

Dubai’s cybersecurity firm CyberKnight sets up business in Africa

Dubai-based cybersecurity company, CyberKnight, has expanded its business into Africa by opening an office in Egypt. CyberKnight, a cybersecurity advisory...

VenturesNow20 hours ago

Nigerian govt denies reports it plans to borrow pension fund for infrastructure

The Nigerian government has denied reports that it plans to borrow the N20tn pension fund to finance infrastructural projects. In...

Politics20 hours ago

Gambian ex-minister convicted in Swiss court for crimes against humanity

In a landmark decision utilizing Europe’s universal jurisdiction, a Swiss court on Wednesday found a former Gambian government minister guilty...

Metro22 hours ago

Hope for persons with disability, as Muleya shares promising story of inclusivity in governance

Frederick John Muleya, a differently abled person based in Choma town, Southern Province, has shared some insights of changes being...

Politics24 hours ago

South Africa: President Ramaphosa signs major health bill two weeks before election

South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa signed a measure into law on Wednesday that promises to offer universal health coverage, hailing...

Culture1 day ago

Burna Boy, Asake, Davido, Tems, other Nigerian stars bag BET nominations

Thursday was a good day for Nigerian music stars, and especially the entertainment industry, as singers Burna Boy, Ayra Starr,...

Sports1 day ago

Ethiopian marathon legend Bekele returns to Olympics after 12-year absence

After a 12-year absence on the international race circuit, Ethiopian marathon legend, Kenenisa Bekele, has announced that he will return...

Metro1 day ago

Nigerian govt to open student loan application portal May 24

The Nigerian government has announced that the portal for the long awaited student loan scheme will open on May 24,...

Tech2 days ago

Google relaunches Hustle Academy with AI focus to empower African SMBs

Google has relaunched the 2024 cohort of its Hustle Academy, a programme dedicated to accelerating the growth of small and...

Trending